TRIM29,即三重基序29,是一种TRIM家族的蛋白质,该家族以三重基序结构域为特征,该结构域由RING、B-box和C3HC4锌指结构组成。TRIM29属于不含RING结构域的TRIM家族成员,它通过其B-box结构域作为E3泛素连接酶发挥作用。TRIM29参与多种细胞生理过程,包括信号转导、转录调节、先天免疫和程序性细胞死亡。它在DNA损伤信号传导和抑制放射敏感性方面发挥作用,并与角蛋白和FAM83H相互作用以调节角蛋白的分布。
在多种癌症中,TRIM29的表达水平与疾病进展和预后相关。例如,在胃癌中,TRIM29的表达低于正常组织,其低表达与TRIM29基因CpG岛异常高甲基化相关。TRIM29与IGF2BP1相互作用,并通过K48介导的连接诱导其泛素化,导致蛋白质降解。IGF2BP1促进PD-L1 mRNA的稳定性和表达,而TRIM29通过增强抗肿瘤T细胞免疫来抑制PD-L1的表达,从而在胃癌中发挥抗肿瘤作用[1]。
在胰腺导管腺癌中,TRIM29的表达与不良预后相关,并促进化疗药物吉西他滨的耐药性。circRPS29通过竞争性结合miR-770-5p来促进TRIM29的表达,然后激活MEK/ERK信号通路,从而促进PDAC的吉西他滨耐药性[2]。
在皮肤鳞状细胞癌中,TRIM29的表达被DNA甲基化沉默,导致TRIM29的丧失,并促进角质形成细胞的迁移[3]。
在卵巢癌中,TRIM29常过表达,并通过VEZF1转录因子促进SETBP1的转录激活。SETBP1/SET/蛋白磷酸酶2(PP2A)轴对于恢复由TRIM29敲低所抑制的癌症干细胞(CSC)样表型是必需的[4]。
在骨关节炎中,M1极化的巨噬细胞在OA患者的滑膜组织中积累,并通过分泌R-spondin-2(Rspo2)和激活软骨细胞中的β-catenin信号通路来部分加剧实验性OA[5]。
TRIM29还促进DNA病毒感染,通过抑制先天免疫反应。它诱导STING的K48连接泛素化,导致其快速降解,从而抑制I型干扰素的产生[6]。
在前列腺癌中,TRIM29与TP63共同调节增强子甲基化和染色体的不稳定性。TRIM29与TP63形成复合物,共同调节前列腺基底层上皮细胞的基因表达。TRIM29还结合DNA修复蛋白,并防止TMPRSS2:ERG基因融合的形成[7]。
在卵巢癌中,已发现一个新的致癌融合基因SPON1-TRIM29,该基因促进细胞和肿瘤生长,并增强A2780细胞的化疗耐药性[8]。
在结直肠癌中,TRIM29的表达上调,并通过抑制EZH2的降解来促进结直肠癌的进展。TRIM29与EZH2相互作用,并增强EZH2的蛋白稳定性。EZH2的耗竭逆转了TRIM29的生物学行为[9]。
TRIM29在结直肠癌的不同原发部位表达不同,并通过调节肿瘤免疫影响生存。TRIM29在右结肠癌患者中的表达显著高于左结肠癌患者。高TRIM29表达与右结肠癌患者的复发/转移和死亡风险增加相关[10]。
综上所述,TRIM29是一种多功能蛋白质,在多种生物学过程中发挥作用。它在多种癌症中表达异常,并与疾病进展和预后相关。TRIM29的研究有助于深入理解其生物学功能和疾病发生机制,为疾病的治疗和预防提供新的思路和策略。
参考文献:
1. Jiang, Tianlu, Xia, Yiwen, Li, Ying, Xu, Zekuan, Wang, Linjun. 2023. TRIM29 promotes antitumor immunity through enhancing IGF2BP1 ubiquitination and subsequent PD-L1 downregulation in gastric cancer. In Cancer letters, 581, 216510. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216510. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38029830/
2. Huang, Wenjie, Hu, Xiaojun, He, Xiang, Cui, Chunhui, Fan, Yingfang. 2024. TRIM29 facilitates gemcitabine resistance via MEK/ERK pathway and is modulated by circRPS29/miR-770-5p axis in PDAC. In Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy, 74, 101079. doi:10.1016/j.drup.2024.101079. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38518727/
3. Hsu, Che-Yuan, Yanagi, Teruki, Ujiie, Hideyuki. 2021. TRIM29 in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. In Frontiers in medicine, 8, 804166. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.804166. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34988104/
4. Qiao, Huai-Yu, Zhang, Qi, Wang, Jia-Mei, Li, Chao, Wang, Hua-Qin. 2021. TRIM29 regulates the SETBP1/SET/PP2A axis via transcription factor VEZF1 to promote progression of ovarian cancer. In Cancer letters, 529, 85-99. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2021.12.029. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34973391/
5. Zhang, Haiyan, Lin, Chuangxin, Zeng, Chun, Cai, Daozhang, Bai, Xiaochun. 2018. Synovial macrophage M1 polarisation exacerbates experimental osteoarthritis partially through R-spondin-2. In Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 77, 1524-1534. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213450. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29991473/
6. Xing, Junji, Zhang, Ao, Zhang, Hua, Zeng, Mu-Sheng, Zhang, Zhiqiang. 2017. TRIM29 promotes DNA virus infections by inhibiting innate immune response. In Nature communications, 8, 945. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00101-w. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29038422/
7. Sultanov, R, Mulyukina, A, Zubkova, O, Lagarkova, M, Arapidi, G. 2024. TP63-TRIM29 axis regulates enhancer methylation and chromosomal instability in prostate cancer. In Epigenetics & chromatin, 17, 6. doi:10.1186/s13072-024-00529-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38481282/
8. Nagasawa, Saya, Ikeda, Kazuhiro, Shintani, Daisuke, Horie, Kuniko, Inoue, Satoshi. 2022. Identification of a Novel Oncogenic Fusion Gene SPON1-TRIM29 in Clinical Ovarian Cancer That Promotes Cell and Tumor Growth and Enhances Chemoresistance in A2780 Cells. In International journal of molecular sciences, 23, . doi:10.3390/ijms23020689. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35054873/
9. Chen, Yuanjian, Ma, Jun, Zhang, Mingming. 2023. TRIM29 promotes the progression of colorectal cancer by suppressing EZH2 degradation. In Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.), 248, 1527-1536. doi:10.1177/15353702231199070. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37837384/
10. Han, Jing, Zuo, Jing, Zhang, Xue, Liu, Jiayin, Feng, Li. . TRIM29 is differentially expressed in colorectal cancers of different primary locations and affects survival by regulating tumor immunity based on retrospective study and bioinformatics analysis. In Journal of gastrointestinal oncology, 13, 1132-1151. doi:10.21037/jgo-22-365. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35837175/