ABCA13,也称为ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 13,是一种重要的ATP结合盒(ABC)转运蛋白,由位于人类染色体7p12.3的ABCA13基因编码。ABCA13基因编码的蛋白质由5058个氨基酸残基组成,是迄今为止已知的最大的ABC蛋白[3]。ABCA13蛋白包含一个疏水的N端跨膜结构域和一个大的亲水区域,该区域由30个外显子编码,其中两个外显子长度分别为4.8kb和1.7kb,这两个大外显子是保守的,在鼠Abca13基因中也有发现[3]。
ABCA13蛋白的功能与胆固醇和神经酰胺的转运有关。研究表明,ABCA13通过将胆固醇和神经酰胺从细胞膜内化到细胞内囊泡中,参与调节这些脂质的细胞内分布[2]。ABCA13的这一功能依赖于其长的N端区域和ATP的水解。ABCA13蛋白的缺陷与多种神经精神疾病有关,包括自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)、精神分裂症、双相情感障碍和重度抑郁症[1,2,5,6]。研究表明,ABCA13基因的突变可以增加个体患这些疾病的易感性[5,6]。此外,ABCA13基因的变异也与注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)和其他神经精神症状有关[1]。
在自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)患者中,研究发现ABCA13基因存在多种单核苷酸变异,其中一些变异可能具有致病性,而其他变异则被归类为意义不明的变异[1]。此外,ABCA13基因的变异还与其他神经精神疾病相关,包括精神分裂症、双相情感障碍和重度抑郁症[5,6]。研究发现,ABCA13基因的变异可以导致ABCA13蛋白的亚细胞定位改变,从而影响胆固醇的转运[2]。ABCA13基因的变异还可以导致细胞内胆固醇积累和突触囊泡内吞作用的受损[2]。
除了神经精神疾病,ABCA13基因的变异还与其他疾病相关。例如,研究发现ABCA13基因的变异与遗传性弥漫性胃癌(HDGC)的易感性有关[4]。此外,ABCA13基因的变异还与长COVID患者的异质性有关,其中一些患者表现出中性粒细胞活性的增强[7]。
综上所述,ABCA13基因编码的ABCA13蛋白是一种重要的ATP结合盒转运蛋白,参与调节胆固醇和神经酰胺的细胞内分布。ABCA13基因的变异与多种神经精神疾病和其他疾病相关,包括自闭症谱系障碍、精神分裂症、双相情感障碍、重度抑郁症、注意力缺陷多动障碍、遗传性弥漫性胃癌和长COVID。这些研究表明,ABCA13基因在神经精神疾病和其他疾病的发病机制中发挥着重要作用。
参考文献:
1. Gerik-Celebi, Hamide Betul, Unsel-Bolat, Gul, Bolat, Hilmi. 2023. Association of ABCA13 Gene Variants with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders. In Molecular syndromology, 15, 22-29. doi:10.1159/000534123. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38357255/
2. Nakato, Mitsuhiro, Shiranaga, Naoko, Tomioka, Maiko, Kioka, Noriyuki, Ueda, Kazumitsu. 2020. ABCA13 dysfunction associated with psychiatric disorders causes impaired cholesterol trafficking. In The Journal of biological chemistry, 296, 100166. doi:10.1074/jbc.RA120.015997. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33478937/
3. Prades, C, Arnould, I, Annilo, T, Rosier, M, Dean, M. . The human ATP binding cassette gene ABCA13, located on chromosome 7p12.3, encodes a 5058 amino acid protein with an extracellular domain encoded in part by a 4.8-kb conserved exon. In Cytogenetic and genome research, 98, 160-8. doi:. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12697998/
4. Liu, Ze-Xian, Zhang, Xiao-Long, Zhao, Qi, Xu, Rui-Hua, Qiu, Miao-Zhen. 2022. Whole-Exome Sequencing Among Chinese Patients With Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer. In JAMA network open, 5, e2245836. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.45836. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36484990/
5. Knight, Helen M, Pickard, Benjamin S, Maclean, Alan, Muir, Walter J, Blackwood, Douglas H R. . A cytogenetic abnormality and rare coding variants identify ABCA13 as a candidate gene in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. In American journal of human genetics, 85, 833-46. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.11.003. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19944402/
6. Chen, Jianhua, Khan, Raja Amjad Waheed, Wang, Meng, Xu, Yifeng, Shi, Yongyong. 2016. Association between the variability of the ABCA13 gene and the risk of major depressive disorder and schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population. In The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 18, 550-556. doi:10.1080/15622975.2016.1245442. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27712136/
7. Lin, Ke, Cai, Jianpeng, Guo, Jingxin, Ai, Jingwen, Zhang, Wenhong. 2024. Multi-omics landscapes reveal heterogeneity in long COVID patients characterized with enhanced neutrophil activity. In Journal of translational medicine, 22, 753. doi:10.1186/s12967-024-05560-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39135185/