NLRP3(Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3)基因编码一种重要的细胞质传感器蛋白,它在识别病原体相关分子模式(PAMPs)和损伤相关分子模式(DAMPs)中发挥着关键作用。NLRP3蛋白广泛表达于巨噬细胞和其他先天免疫细胞中,并参与NLRP3炎症小体的组装。炎症小体激活后,会激活caspase-1,进而将前炎症因子IL-1β和IL-18转化为活性形式,引发多种炎症反应和细胞信号通路。
在鸡中,NLRP3基因的表达研究显示,该基因mRNA在鸡的各个器官中均有表达,且在雄性和雌性鸡之间以及不同器官之间没有显著差异。当鸡受到细菌脂多糖(LPS)刺激时,NLRP3基因在小肠、大肠、肌胃、肝脏、肺、脾脏和派尔集合淋巴结中的表达水平显著升高,并在24小时内达到峰值,48小时后逐渐恢复正常[1]。
NLRP3炎症小体在缺血性脑卒中的发病机制中也发挥着重要作用。研究发现,抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路可以降低NLRP3炎症小体的激活,从而减轻脑卒中的损伤和神经炎症[2]。此外,SHIP1蛋白在调节小胶质细胞吞噬功能和免疫反应中发挥重要作用,SHIP1的缺失会导致NLRP3炎症小体的过度激活,进而加重阿尔茨海默病(AD)相关的炎症反应[3]。
NLRP3炎症小体还与肥胖相关的代谢性疾病有关。研究发现,线粒体自噬缺陷会导致NLRP3炎症小体的过度激活,进而导致棕色脂肪组织(BAT)功能障碍和肥胖倾向[4]。此外,NLRP3基因多态性与急性心肌梗死(MI)的发生风险相关,且与MI患者血清NLRP3水平升高有关[5]。NLRP3炎症小体的激活还与PFAPA综合征的发病机制有关,但该综合征的遗传背景尚不清楚[6]。
Maf1蛋白可以抑制NF-κB/NLRP3炎症小体信号通路,从而减轻脓毒症相关脑病(SAE)的炎症反应和神经细胞凋亡[7]。Geniposide可以抑制NLRP3炎症小体介导的细胞焦亡,并通过AMPK信号通路减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MI/RI)[8]。NLRP3基因多态性与特应性皮炎(AD)的发病风险和严重程度相关,其中G等位基因与AD的易感和病情加重有关[9]。IκBζ蛋白通过上调Nlrp3基因的表达来控制NLRP3炎症小体的激活[10]。
综上所述,NLRP3炎症小体在多种炎症相关疾病中发挥着重要作用,包括缺血性脑卒中、阿尔茨海默病、肥胖相关代谢性疾病、急性心肌梗死和特应性皮炎等。深入研究NLRP3炎症小体的激活机制和调控因素,有助于开发针对这些疾病的新型治疗策略。
参考文献:
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