S100A9,也称为迁移相关基因1(MIG1),是一种钙结合蛋白,属于S100蛋白家族。S100蛋白家族是一组小分子量的钙结合蛋白,主要在细胞内发挥多种生物学功能,包括细胞信号传导、细胞分化、细胞生长、细胞凋亡和细胞粘附等。S100A9在多种细胞类型中表达,包括中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和上皮细胞,并且与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关。
S100A9在炎症反应中发挥重要作用。在炎症过程中,S100A9可以与S100A8形成异源二聚体,称为钙卫蛋白(calprotectin),参与调节中性粒细胞的募集和活化,促进炎症反应的发生和发展。此外,S100A9还可以通过结合Toll样受体4(TLR4)等受体,激活下游信号通路,进一步促进炎症反应的发生。在炎症性肠病(IBD)和心力衰竭(HF)等疾病中,S100A9的表达水平显著升高,并且与疾病的严重程度和预后密切相关。研究发现,S100A9可以作为IBD和HF的免疫相关基因(IRG)标志物,并且与免疫细胞的浸润特征有关[1]。功能富集分析表明,S100A9主要与炎症和免疫反应相关。此外,S100A9还可以促进BRCA1突变型乳腺癌的免疫抑制微环境,导致对免疫治疗的耐药性[2]。在银屑病(Ps)和银屑病关节炎(PsA)中,角质细胞来源的S100A9可以调节中性粒细胞的浸润,并且可以作为Ps/PsA的潜在生物标志物[3]。在败血症诱导的急性肺损伤(ALI)中,S100A9的表达显著上调,并且可以通过IL-17-NFκB-caspase-3信号通路加重肺损伤和上皮细胞凋亡[4,5]。此外,S100A9还可以调节巨噬细胞的M1极化,抑制细胞焦亡,通过TLR4/MyD88/NFκB信号轴减轻LPS诱导的急性肺损伤[5]。在儿童败血症性休克中,S100A9可以作为重要的诊断标志物,并且与免疫细胞的浸润特征有关[6]。在急性心肌梗死(AMI)后,S100A9可以促进巨噬细胞/小胶质细胞的炎症反应,导致心脏功能和抑郁样行为的恶化。然而,中药双心方(PCF)可以预防S100A9诱导的巨噬细胞/小胶质细胞炎症,改善AMI后大鼠的心脏功能和抑郁样行为[7]。此外,转录因子C/EBPδ可以诱导S100A8和S100A9的表观遗传变化,控制其动态基因转录[8]。在非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)和多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)中,S100A9可以作为重要的诊断标志物,并且与免疫和炎症相关通路有关[9]。在结肠炎症中,S100A9的表达显著上调,并且可以驱动脑部炎症反应的发生。然而,预防性使用S100A9抑制剂paquinimod可以减轻结肠炎症和全身性以及脑部炎症反应[10]。
综上所述,S100A9是一种重要的钙结合蛋白,在炎症反应和多种疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用。S100A9可以作为多种疾病的免疫相关基因标志物,并且与免疫细胞的浸润特征有关。S100A9的研究有助于深入理解炎症反应的机制和多种疾病的发生发展机制,为疾病的治疗和预防提供新的思路和策略。
参考文献:
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