MAL2,也称为髓鞘和淋巴细胞蛋白2,是一种四跨膜蛋白,主要参与细胞内吞作用和物质跨膜运输。它在多种癌症中表达上调,与癌症的发生和发展密切相关。MAL2在肿瘤细胞中的表达水平与患者的预后相关,提示其可能成为癌症治疗的潜在靶点。
在乳腺癌中,MAL2通过抑制肿瘤抗原的呈递,促进免疫逃逸。MAL2与MHC-I复合物直接相互作用,并通过内吞作用降低肿瘤细胞表面的抗原呈递,从而抑制CD8+ T细胞介导的细胞毒性作用,导致肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸[1]。此外,MAL2还通过调节β-catenin/c-Myc轴,促进乳腺癌的进展。MAL2与β-catenin相互作用,抑制β-catenin和c-Myc的表达,从而抑制乳腺癌细胞的迁移、侵袭和增殖[5]。此外,MAL2还与HER2在脂筏中形成稳定的信号复合物,增强HER2的信号传导和膜稳定性,从而促进乳腺癌的发生[6]。在肝细胞癌中,MAL2的表达水平与肿瘤抑制相关。MAL2过表达导致肝细胞癌细胞的侵袭和转移能力降低,提示MAL2可能具有肿瘤抑制作用[3]。然而,在胆管癌中,MAL2的表达水平与患者的预后不良相关。MAL2通过稳定EGFR膜定位和激活PI3K/AKT/SREBP-1轴,促进胆管癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移[2]。
在胰腺癌中,MAL2的表达水平与患者的预后不良相关。MAL2通过与IQGAP1相互作用,增加ERK1/2的磷酸化水平,从而促进胰腺癌的进展[4]。此外,MAL2还与免疫浸润相关。在乳腺癌中,MAL2的表达水平与免疫浸润水平呈负相关,提示MAL2可能通过抑制免疫浸润促进肿瘤的发生[7]。
综上所述,MAL2在多种癌症中发挥重要作用,其表达水平与患者的预后相关。MAL2可能通过多种机制促进肿瘤的发生和发展,包括抑制肿瘤抗原的呈递、调节β-catenin/c-Myc轴、与HER2相互作用、与IQGAP1相互作用和抑制免疫浸润等。因此,MAL2可能成为癌症治疗的潜在靶点,为癌症的治疗和预防提供新的思路和策略。
参考文献:
1. Fang, Yuanzhang, Wang, Lifei, Wan, Changlin, Lu, Xiongbin, Zhang, Xinna. . MAL2 drives immune evasion in breast cancer by suppressing tumor antigen presentation. In The Journal of clinical investigation, 131, . doi:10.1172/JCI140837. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32990678/
2. Huang, Tian, Cao, Hengsong, Liu, Chuan, Tang, Weiwei, Xia, Yongxiang. 2024. MAL2 reprograms lipid metabolism in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma via EGFR/SREBP-1 pathway based on single-cell RNA sequencing. In Cell death & disease, 15, 411. doi:10.1038/s41419-024-06775-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38866777/
3. López-Coral, Alfonso, Del Vecchio, Gianna-Jade, Chahine, Joeffrey J, Kallakury, Bhaskar V, Tuma, Pamela L. 2020. MAL2-Induced Actin-Based Protrusion Formation is Anti-Oncogenic in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In Cancers, 12, . doi:10.3390/cancers12020422. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32059473/
4. Zhang, Bin, Xiao, Jun, Cheng, Xiang, Liu, Tao. 2021. MAL2 interacts with IQGAP1 to promote pancreatic cancer progression by increasing ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 554, 63-70. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.146. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33780861/
5. An, Lijun, Gong, Huiyuan, Yu, Xiaojing, Liu, Jielin, Yang, Liuqi. 2023. Downregulation of MAL2 inhibits breast cancer progression through regulating β-catenin/c-Myc axis. In Cancer cell international, 23, 144. doi:10.1186/s12935-023-02993-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37480012/
6. Jeong, Jaekwang, Shin, Jae Hun, Li, Wenxue, Choi, Jungmin, Wysolmerski, John. . MAL2 mediates the formation of stable HER2 signaling complexes within lipid raft-rich membrane protrusions in breast cancer cells. In Cell reports, 37, 110160. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110160. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34965434/
7. Zhong, Yue, Zhuang, Zhenjie, Mo, PeiJu, Mo, HaiYan, Huang, Mei. 2021. Overexpression of MAL2 Correlates with Immune Infiltration and Poor Prognosis in Breast Cancer. In Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2021, 5557873. doi:10.1155/2021/5557873. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34567213/