Epiregulin(EREG)是一种属于表皮生长因子(EGF)家族的蛋白质,在多种生理和病理过程中发挥着重要作用。EREG作为一种EGF受体(EGFR)的配体,能够与EGFR结合并激活下游信号通路,进而影响细胞的生长、分化和凋亡等生物学行为。EREG的表达和功能在肿瘤发生、发展以及治疗中具有重要意义,因此受到了广泛关注和研究。
在肿瘤中,EREG的表达水平与多种肿瘤的恶性行为密切相关。例如,在结直肠癌(CRC)中,野生型Kirsten大鼠肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物(KRAS)的CRC患者中,EREG的表达水平与治疗疗效相关,而低表达EREG则与抗EGFR治疗的耐药性相关[1]。在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中,EREG的过表达被认为是EGFR-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)的潜在治疗靶点,但来自巨噬细胞的EREG会促进NSCLC细胞对EGFR-TKI治疗的耐药性[1]。此外,在头颈部鳞状细胞癌(HNSCC)中,EREG的过表达与患者的总生存期和无进展生存期短相关,但预示着肿瘤对EGFR抑制剂的治疗反应良好[4]。在宫颈癌中,EREG的表达水平与肿瘤的进展和预后相关,高表达的EREG预示着不良预后[5,8]。在胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)中,EREG是铜诱导细胞死亡(cuproptosis)的核心肿瘤免疫学生物标志物,并通过介导血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和CD99信号通路之间的交叉对话来影响肿瘤的发生和进展[3]。
除了在肿瘤中的作用外,EREG还参与了其他生理和病理过程。例如,研究发现,运动可以促进内皮细胞中Mecp2的赖氨酸乳酰化,从而抑制EREG的表达,并通过调节EGFR的磷酸化水平来影响血管细胞粘附分子1(Vcam-1)、细胞间粘附分子1(Icam-1)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(Mcp-1)、白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6和内皮型一氧化氮合酶(Enos)的表达,进而抑制动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展[2]。
此外,一些研究还发现,EREG的表达和功能受到多种因素的调节。例如,在头颈部鳞状细胞癌中,STT3B介导的N-糖基化对于EREG的稳定性和功能至关重要,并且与PD-L1的上调和免疫逃逸相关[6]。在胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)中,EREG的表达与PD-L1的表达密切相关,并且EREG通过ERK/p38 MAPK信号通路介导PDAC的发生和发展[7]。
综上所述,EREG作为一种EGF家族成员,在多种生理和病理过程中发挥着重要作用。EREG的表达和功能与肿瘤的发生、发展和治疗密切相关,并且受到多种因素的调节。因此,EREG可能成为一种新的治疗靶点,为肿瘤的治疗提供新的思路和策略。
参考文献:
1. Cheng, Wan-Li, Feng, Po-Hao, Lee, Kang-Yun, Luo, Ching-Shan, Wu, Sheng-Ming. 2021. The Role of EREG/EGFR Pathway in Tumor Progression. In International journal of molecular sciences, 22, . doi:10.3390/ijms222312828. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34884633/
2. Wang, Yanan, Chen, Liangqi, Zhang, Meiju, Wu, Jian, Yu, Bo. 2023. Exercise-induced endothelial Mecp2 lactylation suppresses atherosclerosis via the Ereg/MAPK signalling pathway. In Atherosclerosis, 375, 45-58. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.05.009. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37245426/
3. Zhou, Yujie, Xiao, Dongdong, Jiang, Xiaobing, Nie, Chuansheng. 2023. EREG is the core onco-immunological biomarker of cuproptosis and mediates the cross-talk between VEGF and CD99 signaling in glioblastoma. In Journal of translational medicine, 21, 28. doi:10.1186/s12967-023-03883-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36647156/
4. Jehl, Aude, Conrad, Ombline, Burgy, Mickaël, Dontenwill, Monique, Martin, Sophie. 2023. Blocking EREG/GPX4 Sensitizes Head and Neck Cancer to Cetuximab through Ferroptosis Induction. In Cells, 12, . doi:10.3390/cells12050733. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36899869/
5. Li, Tianye, Feng, Ruijing, Chen, Bingxin, Zhou, Jianwei. 2023. EREG is a risk factor for the prognosis of patients with cervical cancer. In Frontiers in medicine, 10, 1161835. doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1161835. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37020674/
6. Xu, Shengming, Wang, Haifeng, Zhu, Yu, Zhang, Zhiyuan, Liu, Shuli. 2024. Stabilization of EREG via STT3B-mediated N-glycosylation is critical for PDL1 upregulation and immune evasion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In International journal of oral science, 16, 47. doi:10.1038/s41368-024-00311-1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38945975/
7. Liu, Fuyuan, Wu, Weikang, Cao, Weiwei, Li, Xiao, Yue, Shuqiang. 2024. EREG silencing inhibits tumorigenesis via inactivating ERK/p38 MAPK pathway in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease, 1870, 167336. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167336. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38972433/
8. Yang, Shimin, Yang, Xu, Li, Chunbo. 2023. Integrated analysis of EREG expression, a gene associated with cervical cancer prognosis. In American journal of cancer research, 13, 4644-4660. doi:. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37970371/